The Geographic Adventures of Captain James Cook

James Cook was born in 1728 in Marton, England. His father was a Scottish migrant farm worker who allowed James to apprentice on coal carrying boats at the age of eighteen. While working in the North Sea, Cook spent his free time learning math and navigation. This led to his appointment as mate. Searching for something more adventurous, in 1755 he volunteered for the British Royal Navy and took part in the Seven Years War and was an instrumental part of the surveying of the St. Lawrence River, which helped in the capture of Quebec from the French. Cook'sFirst Voyage Following the war, Cooks skill at navigation and interest in astronomy made him the perfect candidate to lead an expedition planned by the Royal Society and Royal Navy to Tahiti to observe the infrequent passage of Venus across the face of the sun. Precise measurements of this event were needed worldwide in order to determine the accurate distance between the earth and sun. Cook set sail from England in August, 1768 on the Endeavor. His first stop was Rio de Janeiro, then the Endeavor proceeded west to Tahiti where camp was established and the transit of Venus was measured. After the stop in Tahiti, Cook had orders to explore and claim possessions for Britain. He charted New Zealand and the east coast of Australia (known as New Holland at the time). From there he proceeded to the East Indies (Indonesia) and across the Indian Ocean to the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa. It was an easy voyage between Africa and home; arriving in July, 1771. Cook's Second Voyage The Royal Navy promoted James Cook to Captain following his return and had a new mission for him, to find Terra Australis Incognita, the unknown southern land. In the 18th century, it was believed that there was much more land south of the equator than had already been discovered. Cooks first voyage did not disprove claims of a huge landmass near the South Pole between New Zealand and South America. Two ships, the Resolution and the Adventure left in July, 1772 and headed to Cape Town just in time for the southern summer. Captain James Cook proceeded south from Africa and turned around after encountering large amounts of floating pack ice (he came within 75 miles of Antarctica). He then sailed to New Zealand for the winter and in summer proceeded south again past the Antarctic Circle (66.5 ° South). By circumnavigating the southern waters around Antarctica, he indisputably determined that there was no habitable southern continent. During this voyage, he also discovered several island chains in the Pacific Ocean. After Captain Cook arrived back in Britain in July, 1775, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and received their highest honor for his geographic exploration. Soon Cooks skills would again be put to use. Cook's Third Voyage The Navy wanted Cook to determine if there was a Northwest Passage, a mythical waterway which would allow sailing between Europe and Asia across the top of North America. Cook set out in July of 1776 and rounded the southern tip of Africa and headed east across the Indian Ocean. He passed between the North and South islands of New Zealand (through Cook Strait) and towards the coast of North America. He sailed along the coast of what would become Oregon, British Columbia, and Alaska and proceeded through the Bering Straight. His navigation of the Bering Sea was halted by the impassible Arctic ice. Upon yet again discovering that something did not exist, he continued his voyage. Captain James Cooks  last stop was in February, 1779 at the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) where he was killed in a fight with islanders over the theft of a boat. Cooks explorations dramatically increased European knowledge of the world. As a ship captain and skilled cartographer, he filled in many gaps on world maps. His contributions to eighteenth century science helped propel further exploration and discovery for many generations.

Madame Bovary Analysis - 1228 Words

Gustave Flaubert brings Emma’s life to a powerful close in one climactic scene of Emma’s suicide. Throughout the novel â€Å"†Madame Bovary†, Flaubert foreshadows Emma’s eventual downfall and death. Emma killed herself because she could not pay her debts. She was indebted because of her desire to be part of the upper class and her extramarital love affairs. And she had love affairs because of the discrepancy between the life she dreamt of, out of the the romances she had read as a schoolgirl in the convent. Her suicide happened to be the last consequence of this chain of events. Flaubert foreshadows each event leading to another which eventually leads to Emma’s downfall and death. Gustave portrays Emma’s character from the beginning†¦show more content†¦These novels were filled with â€Å"love affairs, lovers, mistresses, persecuted ladies fainting in lonely country houses, postriders killed at every relay...palpitating hearts, vows and kisses† (Faubert, pg. 36). These novels do not portray love realistically. Emma fails to distinguish fantasy and reality. Flaubert shows that this failure to distinguish between the two was Emma’s â€Å"tragic flaw†. Emma had read about these ideas in books, but instead of viewing these concepts as fantasy, she viewed them as reality, and later in life, acted as if that was the normal thing to do. Anything different, anything that deviated from her current life appealed to Emma. What was new was romantic, exciting, bold, and adventurous. When Charles does not meet her expectation she gets mad but in reality it is not Charles’ fault but Emma’s for having such high expectatio ns for others. Emma has high expectations for Charles and her other lovers. She expects more from Charles then he can give. Charles will never be able to live up to Emma’s high expectations of the dashing charming intellectual characteristics the men possesses in her novels. Emma decides to have an affair with Rodolphe, a wealthy landowner with an estate near Yonville, due to her disatifaction with her marriage. When Emma takes Rodolphe as her lover, she believes her world is improving. This affair fits her ideals of love, he is of the high society, and sheShow MoreRelatedMadame Bovary Style Analysis612 Words   |  3 PagesA day of a common doctor, Charles Bovary, is described in Gustave Flaubert’s passage from Madame Bovary. The author uses great detail to show the reader the typical house call in 1902. Due to this detail, the author establishes the tones of calmness and intensity. Throughout the passage from Madame Bovary, the tones established through detail, imagery and figurati ve language reveal the character of Charles to the reader. The detail in the beginning of the passage allows the reader to feel a sereneRead MoreAnalysis Of Morality In Madame Bovary1075 Words   |  5 Pagescarnal aspects. (Gustave Flaubert, 2017) Wow! This statement says so much about this writer. As such, we could argue that Flaubert’s main character in Madame Bovary, Emma, was based on one of his prostitutes and describes how he feels about women. Therefore, I am surprised the government bought Flaubert’s answer. After reading Madame Bovary, I understand why the government brought action against the author Gustave Flaubert and charged him with immorality. The entire novel is based on adulteryRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Madame Bovary1458 Words   |  6 PagesAllison Witt September 28, 2017 Literature Core Professor O’Har A Fantasy World In Madame Bovary, Gustave Flaubert shapes Emma, the protagonist, into a woman who deceives herself, through romantic novels, into believing her life is better than it actually is. Emma—like most things in her life—romanticized what marriage would do for her. At the start of her marriage to Charles, she believed marriage would be the means at which she transitioned from a farm girl to a wealthy woman. She believed thatRead MoreMadame Bovary Character Analysis919 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel, Madame Bovary written by Gustave Flaubert Emma was capable of love, when it comes to Emma she was mainly in love with materialistic products or people who can get her the materials. Emma had a lot of relationships with a lot of different people. First, of course, was with her husband Charles Bovary. But other than him she had two other people who she liked. The first being a friend of both Charles and Emma Bovary. He was the young man they meet when they first moved to Yonville , namedRead MoreAnalysis Of Flauberts Madame Bovary1552 Words   |  7 Pages In Madame Bovary, Flaubert writes a couple of major moments in very brief and plain ways. What Flaubert does for these moments is build up our expectations of what we think is going to happen long before it actually occurs so that when the moment nears, he can make the current buildup and the moment itself quick and plain. This is so that we are emotionally detached from it and the character’s experience and ours do not mix. One passage where this happens is near the beginning of part 3, onRead MoreAn Analysis of Homais as an Instrument of Satire in Flauberts, Madame Bovary1596 Words   |  7 PagesAn analysis of Homais as an instrument of satire In Flauberts satiric novel, the storys apothecary is used to convey Flauberts views of the bourgeois. As a vehicle for Flauberts satire, Homais is portrayed as opportunistic and self-serving, attributes that Flaubert associated with the middle class. Homais obsession with social mobility leads him to commit despicable acts. His character and values are also detestable. He is self-serving, hypocritical, opportunistic, egotistical, and crookedRead More An Analysis of Homais as an instrument of satire in Flauberts, Madame Bovary1577 Words   |  7 Pages An analysis of Homais as an instrument of satire In Flaubert’s satiric novel, the story’s apothecary is used to convey Flaubert’s views of the bourgeois. As a vehicle for Flaubert’s satire, Homais is portrayed as opportunistic and self-serving, attributes that Flaubert associated with the middle class. Homais’ obsession with social mobility leads him to commit despicable acts. His character and values are also detestable. He is self-serving, hypocritical, opportunistic, egotistical, and crookedRead More Analysis of the Boat Scene in Gustave Flauberts Madame Bovary1789 Words   |  8 PagesAn Analysis of the Boat Scene in Gustave Flauberts Madame Bovary As Gustave Flaubert wrote the novel Madame Bovary, he took special care to examine the relationship between literature and the effect on its readers. His heroine Emma absorbs poetry and novels as though they were instructions for her emotional behavior. When her mother dies, she looks to poetry to decide what degree of mourning is adequate; when she becomes adulterous she thinks immediately how she is like the women in literatureRead MoreAnalysis Of Flaubert s Madame Bovary, Toni Morrison s Sula Essay1857 Words   |  8 Pages the bond established by the man and the woman is an ongoing unending commitment to each another. In Gustave Flaubert’s â€Å"Madame Bovary,† Toni Morrison’s â€Å"Sula† and Kate Chopin’s two short stories â€Å"The Storm† and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† we see disloyalty, complex love, misery, unfulfillment and importantly, infidelity supposed matrimony. In the story â€Å"Madame Bovary,† Emma’s marriage is dull and uninteresting, her position as a wife and mother fails to make her happy or pleased. She hasRead MoreTranslation Analysis : `` The Panther `` And Madame Bovary762 Words   |  4 Pages Translation Analysis Since there is no a definitive translation of any text, multiple translations can allow us to conceive the original text (even if we don’t know the language of the source text). The study of multiple translations substantially enlarges the interpretive process and perspectives that readers draw from the text (Schulte 1994). In other words, comparing various translations of the same text as in (Charles Baudelaire Correspondence, A Multiple Reading of Rainer Maria Rilke s

What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using a Phone Free Essays

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the mobile phone today ? It can be widely acknowledged that mobile phones have became a necesity nowadays being a fundamental part of technology’s evolution and progress. This magic device was first invented in the late 80’s being very special, rare and really expensive at that time. Using a mobile phone nowadays implays a lot of advantages and disadvantages. We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using a Phone ? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Talking about the positive side, a major benefit of using mobile phones nowadays is that there is a permanent connection between you and information’s updates thanking to the high-speed bandwidth internet. Another good advantage of the mobile phone is that it offers you mobility and accesability almost anywhere thanks to a large coverage area. Refering to accesability and network connections a great innovation of the last decade, according to mobile phones, is the 3G and 4G LTE bandwidth which is able to work as a normal connection but with a larger coverage area and less resources on a smaller device than a personal computer gving the possibility to control and administrate all the financial activities like shopping for example, or why not to control your bank accounts. Now, talking about the negative side, there are some important drawbacks which are pretty visible. A major disadvantage is the price, referring to the new models, these are quite expensive but the price is also influenced by the mobile operators who are practicing some high rates being a big obstacle in the front of the customer. Another drawback is linked to this option of a permanent connection. Well this function it is very usefull but it is also very vulnerable, being pretty easy to get infected with all kind of malicious attacks and viruses able to steal your passwords, mails etc. Taking everything into consideration I tend to believe that mobile phone is a very usefull gadget having more advantages of using it, than disadvantages. How to cite What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using a Phone ?, Essay examples

Electoral College Essay Example For Students

Electoral College Essay Electoral CollegeThe Electoral College is not important in choosing the president of the United States. I agree with this because it should matter what the voters say, this is a democracy and it should be the peoples final choice, and if the Electoral College changes the voters choice then they will be the ones to blame if our country goes haywire. The Electoral College has a final say in which president will be chosen. Its not right because if the majority of the voters choose one president and the Electoral College chooses another then most of the voters will be upset. They chose that certain president for a reason and it would just be a waste of their time if the candidate they voted for didnt get elected. There are some that feel that the Electoral College in its present form will cause a president to become elected who was not the winner by popular vote. This country has a democratic government. If the whole country doesnt have a say in who is president then it will be only ran by a small group of people which, by definition, is not a democracy. I myself would hope that my vote counts. It really doesnt if a small group of people can overrule the choice my fellow voters and I make. Lastly, I dont think that the Electoral College is a very good idea because each person in this country matters. If they chose a president, even if by popular vote, it was their choice and they will be the ones who have to live with whatever promises that president chooses to make or break to them. If they made a mistake on which president to choose it will be their own fault and they wont have anyone else to blame but themselves. In conclusion I disagree with having an Electoral College because it should matter what the voters say and if there is an Electoral College to make a final decision then its not the voters choice, this is a democracy and it should be the peoples final choice, and if the Electoral College makes a bad decision on who should be elected then it will be their fault and the people will have someone else to blame.

Democracy strategy for the Middle East countries

As much as there is no universally accepted definition of democracy, this system of government should have at least four elements if it is to be embraced in the Middle East.1 First, this political form of government should provide the citizens with an opportunity to choose their leaders through free and fair elections; therefore, the people are considered as the highest form of political authority. Second, democracy guarantees the active participation of the citizens in the affairs of the country.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Democracy strategy for the Middle East countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Third, in a democratic regime, the people have certain basic rights that the government cannot infringe upon. Lastly, the political system upholds the rule of law, which protects the rights of the citizens. After the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the U.S., calls for reform in Middle East reverberated ac ross the globe. The Arab Human Development Report issued in July 2002 chronicled the long-standing political, economic, and social ills of the Arab world. Therefore, for Middle East to be recognized as democratic, it must follow these four tenets. Ensuring that the Middle East region is democratic has been a major objective of most renowned world leaders. In fact, the U.S-led 2003 invasion of Iraq was intended to make the country a model for democracy in the region. The state of Israel has been recognized as the only free electoral democracy on the region. Whether democracy can be achieved in the Middle East or not is a hot topic since different theories exist on the subject. Some argue that it is impossible, while others argue that is a necessity, especially in this century. A number of theories have postulated that there is a problem with promoting democracy in the Middle East. â€Å"Today, the Middle East lacks the conditions, such as a democratic political history, high standar ds of living, and high literacy rates, which stimulated democratic change in, for example, central Europe and East Asia.†2 Paradoxically, authoritarian leaders, who embrace liberalism even more than the people they lead, govern many nations in the region. The most fundamental principle of human existence is that no one likes to be regarded as inferior; therefore, when the Arabs are infringed upon by foreign ideologies it will inevitably lead to the rise of Islamic-controlled regimes hostile to the U.S. As much as it is true that the number of democratic countries is increasing, the belief that the U.S. can accelerate this process is ill advised. This is because it is the same fatal conceit that led to the demise of the Soviet empire. Therefore, foreign governments cannot dictate noble ends for other countries.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During the 199 0s, the U.S. spent a lot of money in promoting democracy in Middle East, which did not bear much fruit. The U.S. failed to recognize that the success of freedom depends on the readiness of the free people to sacrifice; therefore, the people of the region, not the American people, must make these sacrifices. Today, the events in Iraq have proved that forcing democratic programs in the region is a futile exercise. To promote democracy in the Middle East, the Free World should lead by principled example. Attempts to impose the principles by military conquest, as history has shown, are fruitless. Since democracy upholds equality and freedom, use of forces only risks undermining these principles from within. The U.S. and its affiliates should not try to erode their own foundations for democracy even as they attempt to impose it on other nations overseas. It is important to note that the ingredients for successful democratic regimes are derived from the domestic political kitchens; theref ore, the states in the Middle East should be allowed to prepare this dish for themselves without undue outside interference. The attempt to promote democracy in Middle East is not compatible with Islamic culture and values. This is because there is no clear-cut distinction between religion and the state, which makes democratic principles unattainable in the Arab world.3 There is a clash between democratic principles of the western world with those of the Arab world, which can be authenticated by the historical differences between the Western culture and the Middle Eastern culture. In essence, the Arab world flourished in times when the western world was still in the ‘dark ages.’ This made the Arabs to have prejudice against the ‘backward’ westerners. Therefore, when the west was developing through Renaissance, Reformation, and Enlightenment, the Arabs never let go of their attitude of superiority. This same attitude is why religion has held the region back. Therefore, their belief in superiority is incompatible with the democratic principles of the western world. That is why promoting democracy in the region may be a futile attempt. On the other hand, some say that forging democratic principles in the Middle East is a necessity that the world must seek to address. Several theories exist that support the promotion of democratic reform in the region in this decade. It is of essence to note, â€Å"Both the United States and Europe have identified the absence of political and economic freedoms in the Middle East as a primary source of instability and a threat to international security.† 4Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Democracy strategy for the Middle East countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even though supporting democratic principles in the Middle East involves certain inherent risks, the denial of freedom to the Arab people would increase t he number of problems in the long run. If the Middle Easterners can have the opportunity to put across their complaints freely and peacefully, they will be less prone to turn to violent ways of addressing their problems. In such a situation, they will uphold democratic principles in their political system. Consequently, more open and prosperous societies will come up. Moreover, both the government and the people will respect human rights as well as the rule of law. The long-term advantages of enacting democratic principles in the Arab world prevail over the potential difficulties that can be encountered in the short term. There are at least four benefits of Arab democracy. To begin with, regardless of the fact that some extremist organizations will still be present, principles of moderation and tolerance will give people the opportunity of amicably solving their grievances. This will be possible due to the more open political environment present. Second, â€Å"political, economic, and social reform will likely, over time, reduce the reservoir of recruits to extremist organizations such as al-Qaeda and others that target the United States and the Americans†.5 Moreover, some arguments have supported the â€Å"democratic peace theory.† The position of this theory is that it is impossible for democracies to engage in conflicts with each other. Therefore, peace, in the long run, can be achieved in the region. Finally, encouraging political change, economic restructuring, and social reform in the Middle East will increase the region’s interactions with the rest of the world. For years, the Islamic extremists have enjoyed support in societies that are typified by brutal, autocratic leadership. They have held the belief that they can thrive best in societies where teenagers have no hope for a better future. To fail to enact democratic principles in the Middle East, by whatever means, is perpetuating the status quo that has existed for decades. Cur rently, in the Middle East, many Arab civil societies have sprung up to challenge their oppressive regimes. The majority of the population in the Arab world is dejected with their ruling autocrats. Instead of delivering their promises, they have given the people dust and tyranny.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, there is nothing unique or intrinsic about the Islamic faith that prevents the region from embracing democratic ideals. Like their counterparts in other parts of the world, the Middle Easterners are still struggling for freedom. However, with the support of the West, especially the U.S., great success can be accomplished in the region. Having looked at both sides of the debate, I will proceed by arguing that implementing democracy in the Middle East is easier said than done. The proponents of democracy in the Middle East suggest that it will be a milestone improvement in the War on Terror. However, it has been proved that democracy cannot end terrorism. Sageman, who worked as a CIA official, argue that the sections of the societies that do not have authoritarianism are the ones that are likely to promote the growth of terrorist organizations.6 For example, al-Qaeda, the terror group that threatens the U.S., is composed of learned men who have lived in societies, which hav e advanced social, economic, cultural, and political systems. Someone like Mohammed Khan, the architect of the July 7, 2005 London bombings, did not have the opportunity to grow in an authoritarian backwater, but in the center of the democratic England. Even if the countries in the region embraced democratic ideals, the new Islamic governments produced would not work together with the international community. Apart from assisting the international community in fighting against terrorism, they would be less likely to cooperate on some essential policy objectives. These include, but not limited to, pressing forward the Arab-Israeli peace process, addressing the security issues in the Persian Gulf, and making sure that the supply of oil is not distracted. There is no one who knows the course that a new democracy will take if it is embraced in the region. Trying to impose it in the region is gambling with history. Based on public opinion and the history of recent elections in countries like Egypt, Iraq, and Palestine, the advent of freedom in the region can bring more problems than earlier anticipated. Free elections in the region would not lead to a democratic and a peace loving regimes in the Western sense. However, it would inevitably bring supporters of radical Islamism to power. This situation was evident in the Palestinian National Authority and previously in Algeria. Democracy has several aspects, but it must uphold self-rule. Democratic principles should be a reflection of the will of the people in one way or the other. For example, it is not appropriate to say that in the U.S., democracy entails exercising the will of the U.S. citizens, and in Saudi Arabia or Syria, democracy must also entail exercising the will of the U.S. citizens. That is not how thinks work! What if the will of the citizens of a certain nation in the Middle East want to have a political system and laws that the Free world consider to be very â€Å"undemocratic?† In the U.S., th e laws of the country prohibit polygamy. Practicing polyandry or polygamy cannot be considered inherently undemocratic, but that is how the U.S. instituted its regulations. In the U.S., government regulations prohibit the financial support of stem cell research because of some religious considerations. In Iran, for example, funding of such a research is lawful because a different religion is practiced there. In this situation, what can be considered more â€Å"democratic?† Which country is more â€Å"liberal?† On September 5, 2005, for the first time in the history of Egypt, a democratic election was done. The reelection of President Hosni Mubarak was thought to be the success of the Bush administration because of its persistent promotion of democracy in the Arab world. It was thought that the country had ended almost fifty years of authoritarian regime. However, a thorough check on the country’s system reveals that its democratic principles are ailing. Politica l movements in the country seem to be wearing out. The Mubarak’s government is still determined to stay in power. Most of the Egyptians hold the belief that democracy is a luxury that is not still applicable to their situation. One Egyptian was reported saying, â€Å"The last thing people here are talking about is democracy†¦ Maybe the rich and educated care about it, but around here we don’t.† 7 The Egyptian government pretends to be supporting democratic principles, but it oppresses its people. Police brutality, lack of media freedom, and outlawing of street demonstrations are some of the evils practiced by the authoritarian regime. More so, the dictatorial government manipulates the country’s judicial system instead of allowing it to be independent. Corruption incidences are rampant in the country. The Muslim Brotherhood, the country’s only opposition group, has not been spared either by the Mubarak regime. Many of its members and supporter s have been arrested and their assets have been frozen simply because of their active participation in public life. Is this democracy, or it is still â€Å"democracy† in the Egyptian language? The Freedom House gives an evaluation of the levels of democracy in various countries after every year based on political rights, civil liberties, and the status of the government. Based on Freedom House analysis, despite having a parliament, a president, and regularly held elections, Egypt is still categorized as â€Å"Not Free† in terms of democracy. To this end, it is clear that liberal democracy cannot still be implemented in the Middle East states. Most people in the Arab world still view this political system as a form of Western political hegemony and domination, which serves the purpose of intervening in the Arab/Muslim internal affairs in order to divide and conquer. As depicted by the current situation in Egypt, Middle East is not prepared enough to embrace the basic te nets of modernism and democracy. In the Islamic world, leadership is still the privilege of the ruling elite and it is patrimonial, coercive, and dictatorial. The basic elements in a democracy have not been able to do up until now, or they will be achieved slowly. Let us wait and see. Bibliography Basham, Patrick and Preble Christopher. â€Å"The trouble with Democracy in the Middle East.† CATO Institute, November 30, 2003. Web. Held, David. Models of democracy. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2006. Korbel, Madeleine Albright, Weber Vin and Cook Steven A. In support of Arab  democracy: report of an independent task force. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2005. Lewis, Bernard. What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the  Middle East. London: Weidenfeld Nicolson, 2002. Sageman, Marc. Understanding terror networks. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004. Wedeman, Ben. â€Å"Analysis: Egypt’s ailing democracy movem ent.† CNN, March 27, 2007. Web. Yacoubian, Mona. Promoting Middle East Democracy: European Initiative. Washington: United States Initiative for peace, 2004. Footnotes 1 David Held. Models of democracy. (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2006), 44. 2 Patrick Basham and Christopher Preble, â€Å"The trouble with Democracy in the Middle East,† CATO Institute, November 30, 2003. 3 Bernard Lewis, What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East (London: Weidenfeld Nicolson, 2002). 4 Mona Yacoubian, Promoting Middle East Democracy: European Initiative (Washington: United States Initiative for peace, 2004), 12. 5 Madeleine Korbel Albright, Vin Weber and Steven A Cook, In support of Arab democracy: report of an independent task force (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2005), 43. 6 Marc Sageman, Understanding terror networks (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004). 7 Ben Wedeman, â€Å"Analysis: Egypt’s ailing de mocracy movement,† CNN, March 27, 2007. This research paper on Democracy strategy for the Middle East countries was written and submitted by user Jagger Walter to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay on Midterm Stude Guide

Essay on Midterm Stude Guide Essay on Midterm Stude Guide M107/117 ASIAN AMERICAN PERSONALITY & MENTAL HEALTH 1 Midterm Review Guide Note: The midterm will be in 10/28 at 9:30am in Bunche 1209B. The midterm review session will be on 10/24 at 4pm in Bunche 1209B. This guide is meant to help facilitate studying, be sure to refer to all lecture notes and review assigned readings even if they are not listed. Key concepts and theories Be able to define and explain each. 1. 2. 3. 4. Race Ethnicity Minority status Ethnic identity a. Private regard, public regard, centrality b. Racial Identity Development Model (RIDM; Cross, 1991) c. Ethnic Identity Development Model (EIDM; Phinney, 1989) d. Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI; Sellers) 5. Stereotypes a. Cognitive processes, socio- ­Ã¢â‚¬ cultural processes, & motivational processes b. Stereotypes as social control (Fiske, 1993) c. Stereotype threat 6. Culture 7. Acculturation a. Population level, individual level b. Unidimensional model, bidimensional model, multidimensionality c. Acculturative stress and related phases d. Immigration adjustment hypothesis vs. Immigrant distress hypothesis e. Bicultural identity integration 8. Assimilation 9. Individualism and collectivism a. Vertical dimensions vs. horizontal dimensions 10. Independent and interdependent self- ­Ã¢â‚¬ construal a. Ramifications for cognition , emotion, and motivation b. Self- ­Ã¢â‚¬ enhancing motivations vs. self- ­Ã¢â‚¬ improving motivations c. Impact of interdependence on adjustment and mental health 11. WEIRD 12. Asian American media images a. Social transmission b. Marginalization Review questions Use these to help test your understanding. 1. 2. 3. 4. Why is it important that we not think of race as strictly biological? What do we gain from thinking of the classification as less biologically and genetically driven? How do ethnicity and ethnic identity differ? What are the potential psychological ramifications of each? What is Jean Phinney’s stance on the topic? Acculturation is commonly defined as â€Å"The socialization process by which minority groups learn and adopt elements of the dominant culture.† What is problematic with this identification of acculturation? How would you better define acculturation? How do acculturation and assimilation differ? Be able to give an example of each. M107/117 ASIAN AMERICAN PERSONALITY & MENTAL HEALTH 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 2 What are the five types of acculturating groups and how are they each distinct? Describe the factors that affect the

Catholic domination in Ireland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Catholic domination in Ireland - Essay Example In general, such a powerful influence is closely associated with the Irish self-government principle ‘Home Rule as Rome Rule’3. However, it is often argued that this principle â€Å"ignores the reality of the power of the Catholic Church in Irish society and in relation to the body politic under previous British rule†4. Another control tool, implemented by the Church is linked with strict censorship. It was required for protecting traditional moral values. Since censorship of any kind is grounded on prejudices, it influences the shaping of people’s morals and manners, and impacts perspectives on the entire concept of the rule of law. â€Å"Censorship can be defined simply as the restriction, by proper authorities, of intellectual, literary, artistic materials in any format†5. Moreover, censorship by the Catholic Church is best understood in the context of community. Hence, such concepts as teachings, or social behaviour, which are inconsistent with t he rule of faith, should be censored in order to preserve the life of the community. Hagstrom6 outlines censorship within the church among the believers as ‘in-house censorship’. ... ules for editing materials and ideas of the social life sphere, making â€Å"judgments on ideas, philosophies, behaviours and books that were contrary to Christian faith and morals†7. An example of such an early censorship implementation is known as the Index of Forbidden Books, or Index Librorum Probibitorum. This was issued in 1557 by Pope Paul IV, though, it had a historical precedence dated AD 496 â€Å"in a Decree issued by Gelasius, listing heretical and apocryphal books banned by preceding councils and popes†8 . This Index included a list of titles, which Catholics were not permitted to read and to own without ecclesiastical permission. Harold Gardiner conveys the Catholic Church’s censorship standards, accepted after achieving the independence, wee closely linked with the notion that church is the cradle of love, which is intended for directing various parts of society towards the common harmony and enrichment9. In accordance with the clerical philosophy, the state is regarded as a ‘natural’ institution, where a human being forms a community with his fellow man, as a part of the social unity. Furthermore, Gardiner10 emphasizes that the human origin as the God’s offshoot presupposes the necessity for the communal living, hence this need is also God-given, while the endeavour for the individuality leads to coercion, and its further development into tyranny and injustice. Since the government and its authority are ‘natural’, the institutions such as the Censorship Board are also regarded as ‘natural’, â€Å"and as such, legitimate guardians and assessors of the norms towards which one must strive†11. Hence, â€Å"the statement that authority is natural is a mistaken analysis of how authority in such circumstances functions†12 because according to the